Russia is the largest Arctic nation, controlling over 53 per cent of the Arctic Ocean coastline. As such, it plays a crucial role in the region’s overall development. The Russian Arctic Zone covers 4.8 million square kilometres, making up about 35 per cent of the country’s territory. The Arctic holds a central place in Russia’s economy, security, foreign policy, and national identity.

Russia’s full-scale invasion of Ukraine in February 2022 caused global upheaval, shifting the strategic calculations of Arctic nations, particularly those bordering Russia. This led to renewed concerns about Moscow’s intentions and actions. Finland and Sweden, traditionally non-aligned, reconsidered their positions, with both countries seeking and acquiring NATO membership. Meanwhile, existing NATO members strengthened their defence readiness and increased military cooperation.

Western countries imposed sanctions on Russia, aiming to weaken its economy and limit the financing of its military. As relations between Russia and the other Arctic states deteriorated, collaborative governance mechanisms—such as the Arctic Council—came under threat. Russia also withdrew from cooperation in the Barents Euro-Arctic Region.

This essay examines how these changing circumstances are reflected in Russia’s official documents and plans, as well as in concrete developments in the Russian Arctic.