On 15 September 2010, Norway and the Russian Federation signed the Treaty Concerning Maritime Delimitation and Cooperation in the Barents Sea and the Arctic Ocean (hereinafter the Treaty).1 The Treaty applies to Norway’s and Russia’s respective exclusive economic zones (in addition to the Fisheries Protection Zone around Svalbard) and the continental shelf within and beyond 200 nautical miles. This article puts the Treaty into context, and discusses its key features, as it pertains to delimiting the maritime boundary between Norway and Russia in the Barents Sea and the Arctic Ocean.