The Arctic has gained increased prominence on the international agenda, not only for the eight Arctic states but also for actors outside the region. Security and geopolitical dynamics in the north continue to evolve. However, simplistic predictions of a "resource race" or impending conflict fail to capture the complexities of Arctic politics. 

In terms of territorial and border disputes, none remain in the Arctic. The last territorial dispute, over Hans Island, was resolved in 2022. Maritime boundary disputes are similarly limited, with only one ongoing disagreement between Canada and the United States. By these measures, the Arctic stands out as a remarkably defined and stable region, especially compared to other maritime areas bordered by multiple states. 

Nevertheless, disputes persist over interpretations of international law and the management of resource activity driven by climate change. To better understand Arctic international relations, it is useful to distinguish between three political dynamics: regional (intra-Arctic) relations, global relations with Arctic relevance, and subregional security relations. 

Focusing on security relations highlights two key maritime domains: the Barents Sea and North Atlantic, and the Bering Sea and North Pacific. These areas, while connected to the Arctic, do not encompass the entirety of the region, illustrating the unique and varied nature of Arctic security dynamics.